Python笔记：安装matplotlib过程中的错误

环境 Python3.8 在安装 matplotlib 过程中的问题，遇到了两个报错：

错误一：

Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1

错误代码节选：

Complete output from command python setup.py egg_info:
    WARNING: The wheel package is not available.
      ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
       command: 'D:\projects\hope\venv\Scripts\python.exe' -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-wheel-89wmbbu3\\cppy_484570ae596d45f5a128fc3b8d139650\\setup
.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-wheel-89wmbbu3\\cppy_484570ae596d45f5a128fc3b8d139650\\setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'
\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d 'C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-wheel-7_cuzd9r'
           cwd: C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-wheel-89wmbbu3\cppy_484570ae596d45f5a128fc3b8d139650\
      Complete output (6 lines):
      usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
         or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
         or: setup.py --help-commands
         or: setup.py cmd --help

      error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
      ----------------------------------------
      ERROR: Failed building wheel for cppy
    ERROR: Failed to build one or more wheels
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "D:\projects\hope\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools\installer.py", line 126, in fetch_build_egg
        subprocess.check_call(cmd)
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\subprocess.py", line 364, in check_call
        raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd)
    subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command '['D:\\PycharmProjects\\hope\\venv\\Scripts\\python.exe', '-m', 'pip', '--disable-pip-version-check', 'wheel', '--no-deps', '-w', 'C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\tmprk6fgiey', '-
-quiet', 'cppy>=1.1.0']' returned non-zero exit status 1.

    The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-5tcg9s0l\kiwisolver\setup.py", line 69, in <module>
        setup(
      File "D:\projects\hope\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools\__init__.py", line 152, in setup
        _install_setup_requires(attrs)
     ......
      File "D:\projects\hope\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools\installer.py", line 128, in fetch_build_egg
        raise DistutilsError(str(e)) from e
    distutils.errors.DistutilsError: Command '['D:\\PycharmProjects\\hope\\venv\\Scripts\\python.exe', '-m', 'pip', '--disable-pip-version-check', 'wheel', '--no-deps', '-w', 'C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\tmprk6fgiey',
'--quiet', 'cppy>=1.1.0']' returned non-zero exit status 1.

    ----------------------------------------
Command "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 in C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-5tcg9s0l\kiwisolver\

如果从报错的最底部开始，很容易会误以为是因为 "python setup.py egg_info" failed with error code 1 引起，而实际上仔细看上面引起报错的原因：

error: invalid command 'bdist_wheel'
# 再往前
WARNING: The wheel package is not available.
      ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:

可见，实际上是因为缺少 wheel 这个包。

安装wheel

pip install wheel

错误二

  Failed building wheel for matplotlib
  Running setup.py clean for matplotlib
  Building wheel for kiwisolver (setup.py) ... done
  Stored in directory: C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\pip\Cache\wheels\fe\93\13\827a1e37fc6c6002663925c2423e4f36c51ecbb22c8b9e0da7
  Building wheel for pillow (setup.py) ... error
  Complete output from command D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\Scripts\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-2yli0okj\\pillow\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open'
, open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" bdist_wheel -d C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-wheel-_yg0o59b --python-tag cp38:
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.8
  creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
  copying src\PIL\BdfFontFile.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
  ......
  copying src\PIL\_binary.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*.pyc' found anywhere in distribution
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*.so' found anywhere in distribution
  no previously-included directories found matching '.ci'
  writing manifest file 'src\Pillow.egg-info\SOURCES.txt'
  running build_ext

  The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
  a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.

  Please see the install instructions at:
     https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html

  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 861, in <module>
      setup(
    File "D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools\__init__.py", line 153, in setup
      return distutils.core.setup(**attrs)
    File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\distutils\core.py", line 148, in setup
      dist.run_commands()
    ......
    File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 340, in run
      self.build_extensions()
    File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 698, in build_extensions
      raise RequiredDependencyException(f)
  __main__.RequiredDependencyException: zlib

  During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

  Traceback (most recent call last):
    File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
    File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 914, in <module>
      raise RequiredDependencyException(msg)
  __main__.RequiredDependencyException:

  The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
  a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.

  Please see the install instructions at:
     https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html

  ----------------------------------------
  Failed building wheel for pillow
  Running setup.py clean for pillow
Successfully built kiwisolver
Failed to build matplotlib pillow
Installing collected packages: cycler, kiwisolver, numpy, pillow, pyparsing, matplotlib
  Running setup.py install for pillow ... error
    Complete output from command D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\Scripts\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-2yli0okj\\pillow\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'ope
n', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-d2iw5q_0\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed -
-compile --install-headers D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\include\site\python3.8\pillow:
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.8
    creating build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
    copying src\PIL\BdfFontFile.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
    copying src\PIL\BlpImagePlugin.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
    copying src\PIL\DcxImagePlugin.py -> build\lib.win-amd64-3.8\PIL
    ......
    warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
    warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
    no previously-included directories found matching '.ci'
    writing manifest file 'src\Pillow.egg-info\SOURCES.txt'
    running build_ext


    The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
    a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.

    Please see the install instructions at:
       https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 861, in <module>
        setup(
      File "D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\lib\site-packages\setuptools\__init__.py", line 153, in setup
        return distutils.core.setup(**attrs)
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\distutils\core.py", line 148, in setup
        dist.run_commands()
      ......
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38\lib\distutils\command\build_ext.py", line 340, in run
        self.build_extensions()
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 698, in build_extensions
        raise RequiredDependencyException(f)
    __main__.RequiredDependencyException: zlib

    During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
      File "C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\setup.py", line 914, in <module>
        raise RequiredDependencyException(msg)
    __main__.RequiredDependencyException:

    The headers or library files could not be found for zlib,
    a required dependency when compiling Pillow from source.

    Please see the install instructions at:
       https://pillow.readthedocs.io/en/latest/installation.html

    ----------------------------------------
Command "D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\Scripts\python.exe -u -c "import setuptools, tokenize;__file__='C:\\Users\\admin\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-2yli0okj\\pillow\\setup.py';f=getattr(tokenize, 'open', open)(__file__);code
=f.read().replace('\r\n', '\n');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, 'exec'))" install --record C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-d2iw5q_0\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile --install-heade
rs D:\PycharmProjects\hope\venv\include\site\python3.8\pillow" failed with error code 1 in C:\Users\admin\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-2yli0okj\pillow\

一番查找，会发现这个错误的原因是由

Failed building wheel for pillow

这里开始引起的，脚本自己生成 wheel 失败，那我们就去下载 whl 自己下载安装文件，手动安装，这里提供一个下载 whl 包的地方：

https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/

这里我下载一个对应 Python3.8 的包：

Pillow-8.0.1-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl

直接安装：

pip install Pillow-8.0.1-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl

会提示错误：

Pillow-8.0.1-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl is not a supported wheel on this platform.

同样的错误也会出现在 matplotlib 的 whl 包安装过程中：

matplotlib-3.3.3-cp38-cp38-win_amd64.whl is not a supported wheel on this platform.

确认自己版本没有下载错误，然后把包名中第二个 cp38 改成 none 即可安装，改过之后的包名类似这样：

Pillow-8.0.1-cp38-none-win_amd64.whl

然后就可以顺利将 matplotlib 安装成功了。